DEC | NSW threatened species - Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions
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Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions

Species profile
Regional information:
  -  Hawkesbury/Nepean
  -  Hunter/Central Rivers
  -  Northern Rivers
  -  Southern Rivers
  -  Sydney Metro
 
Related information

Coastal saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions - Scientific Committee determination
 
I.D. Guidelines Coastal saltmarsh (A3 version) (PDF - 4MB)
 
I.D. Guidelines Coastal saltmarsh (high resolution) (PDF - 7MB)
 
I.D. Guidelines Coastal saltmarsh (low resolution) (PDF - 675KB)
 
Threatened Species and Endangered Ecological Communities of the Eurobodalla
 

 
  

Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions - profile

Conservation status in NSW: Endangered Ecological Community

Description

Coastal Saltmarsh occurs in the intertidal zone on the shores of estuaries and lagoons that are permanently or intermittently open to the sea. It is frequently found as a zone on the landward side of mangrove stands. Characteristic plants include Baumea juncea, Juncus krausii, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Sporobolus virginicus, Triglochin striata, Isolepis nodosa, Samolus repens, Selliera radicans, Suaeda australis and Zoysia macrantha. Occasionally mangroves are scattered through the saltmarsh. Tall reeds may also occur, as well as salt pans.

Location and habitat

Distribution
 This community occurs in the intertidal zone along the NSW coast.

Habitat and ecology
  • Species composition varies with elevation and latitude, with Saltmarsh in southern NSW being generally more species-rich than further north.
  • The sediment surface may support a diversity of seaweed species.
  • Species restricted to coastal saltmarshes include Distichlis distichophylla (endangered), Halosarcia pergranulata subsp. pergranulata, Wilsonia backhousei (vulnerable) and Wilsonia rotundifolia (endangered).

Regional information
This species is found in the following catchment management authority regions. Click on a region name to see more details about the distribution, vegetation types and habitat preference of the species in that region.

Threats

  • In-filling for development, including roads, residential, industrial, recreational, waste disposal and agricultural purposes.
  • Modification of tidal flows as a consequence of artificial structures being erected.
  • Alteration of salinity and increasing nutrient levels resulting from the discharge of stormwater into saltmarshes.
  • Weed invasion, particularly by Juncus acutus.
  • Physical damage from human disturbance, domestic and feral animals.
  • Dumping of rubbish and pollution from oil or chemical spills from shipping or road accidents; catchment runoff of nutrients and agricultural chemicals.
  • Invasion by mangroves.
  • Inappropriate fire regimes.

Recovery strategies

Priority actions are the specific, practical things that must be done to recover a threatened species, population or ecological community. The Department of Environment and Conservation has identified 12 priority actions to help recover the Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions in New South Wales.

What needs to be done to recover this species?

  • Protect areas of saltmarsh from runoff that contains high levels of nutrients or pollutants.
  • Reduce the amount of sediment reaching the estuary to reduce migration of mangroves.
  • Maintain buffer zones of terrestrial vegetation adjacent to saltmarsh to allow for expansion of saltmarsh and to minimise nutrient flow.
  • Allow areas of saltmarsh to regenerate naturally where possible.
  • Protect from clearing and development through fencing, signage and active management.
  • Minimise human disturbance by preventing access from recreational vehicles, including four wheel drives.
  • Erect educational signs to provide information to visitors and residents of the importance of coastal saltmarsh.
  • Undertake weed control programs.
  • Prohibit grazing and burning.
  • Restore natural hydrological regime by removing stormwater drains or artificial structures that restrict tidal flows.
  • Consult with Department of Primary Industries (formerly NSW Fisheries) to determine an appropriate mangrove management program.

Detailed References

Below is a list of references relating to this ecological community. You can filter the list by the features or publication type you require.

FeaturesPublication Type

Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.

Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.

Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.

Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).

Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC).

Published books.

Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library.

Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’).

Articles on the internet (or web-based contact details of the organisation that may provide you with a copy).

 
Reference DetailsFeatures
Adam, P. (2002) Saltmarsh in a time of change. Environmental Conservtion, Vol 29 (1) pp. 39-61.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Adam, P. (1995) Saltmarsh. In: Zann, L.P. (ed). State of the Marine Environment Report for Australia - Technical Annex: 1. Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra..     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Adam, P. (1990) Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 461 pgs.     Published books. 
Adam, P. (1994) Saltmarsh and Mangrove. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 395-436.     Published books. 
Adam, P. and Stricker, J. (1993) Wetlands of the Sydney Region. Nature Conservation Council, 42 pgs + App..     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Adam, P., Wilson, N.C. and Huntley, B. (1988) The phytosociology of coastal saltmarsh vegetation in NSW. Wetlands (Australia), Vol 7 (2), pp. 35-57.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Adam, Paul (1980) Australian Saltmarshes. Wetlands (Australia), Vol 1, pp 8-10.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Bell, S.A.J. (2002) The natural vegetation of the Wyong Local Government Area, Central Coast, New South Wales: Technical Report. Unpublished Final Report to Wyong Shire Council, Eastcoast Flora Survey, 197 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Bell, S.A.J. (2004) The natural vegetation of the Gosford Local Government Area, Central Coast, New South Wales: Technical Report. Unpublished Final Report to Gosford City Council, Eastcoast Flora Survey, 131 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Bellingen Shire Council (2006) Coastal Vegetation of the Bellingen Local Government Area. A report by Flametree Ecological Consultants for Bellingen Shire Council. Bellingen Shire Council, 88 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Benson, D.H. (1986) The native vegetation of the Gosford – Lake Macquarie 1:100 000 Mapsheets. Cunninghamia, Vol. 1, pp. 467-490..   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (1993) A strategy for the rehabilitation of the riparian vegetation of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (1994) Natural vegetation of the Sydney 1:100000 Mapsheet. Cunninghamia, Vol. 3 (4), pp. 679-789.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Beukers, P. and Miles, J. (In prep) Revision of vegetation mapping for the NSW Far South Coast. DECC Merimbula. NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change (Parks and Wildlife Group), Merimbula. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Chafer, C. (1997) Biodiversity in the Illawarra Catchments: an inventory. Illawarra Catchment Management Committee, 124 pgs + app.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
DEC (2004) North East NSW Field Key to Forest Ecosystems. Natural Resource Management Field Assessment Guidelines. DEC, NE Branch Coffs Harbour..   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
DEC (2006) Endangered Ecological Communities Survey and Mapping, Coastal Vegetation Communities – Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Saltmarsh. A report by NGH Environmental for NSW Dept. of Environment and Conservation (Park and Wildlife Division, Southern Branch), 59pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
DECC (2007) DRAFT - Salterwater Wetlands Rehabilitation Manual. Coastal and Floodplain Management. Dept. of Environment and Climate Change, Parramatta..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
ESC (2007) Endangered Ecological Communities Survey and Mapping in Eurobodalla Shire. A report prepared by NGH Environmental for Eurobodalla Shire Council, 40 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Fisher, M., Body, M. and Gill, J. (1996) Vegetation Idenification and Classification of the Coffs Harbour City Council LGA. North East Vegetation Surveys, 75 pgs.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Gellie, N. (2005) Native Vegetation of the Southern Forests: South-east Highlands, Australian Alps, South-west Slopes, and SE Corner bioregions. Cunninghamia, Vol 9 (2) pp. 219-253.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Gilmore, P. (2006) Vegetation Communities of the Central Coast Region of NSW. In: McCauley, A. etal (2006) Vegetation of Regional Significance on the NSW Central Coast. HCR CMA and Hunter Councils Inc. NSW., 240 pgs.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Tweed, Brunswick and Richmond Catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 169pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Clarence, Coffs coastal and Bellinger catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 141pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Nambucca, Macleay and Hastings catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 128pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Manning and Port Stephens/Wallis Lake catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 105pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Harden, G. (ed) (1999-2002) Flora of NSW. NSW University Press, Vol. 1-4.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
Harty, C. (2001) A planning methodology for protecting saltmarsh, mangrove and seagrass wetlands in NSW and Victoria. Wetlands (Australia), Vol 19 (2), pp. 103-109.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Harty, C. and Cheng, D. (2003). (2003) Ecological assessment and strategies for the management of mangroves in Brisbane Water - Gosford, New South Wales, Australia. Landscape and Urban Planning , Vol. 62. pp. 219-240..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Haworth, R. (2002) Changes in Mangroves/Saltmarsh distribution in the Georges River estuary, Southern Sydney, 1930-1970. Wetlands (Australia), Vol 20 (2), pp 80-103.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Hnatuik, R.J., Thackway, R. and Walker, J. (2003) Vegetation - Guidelines for site-based survey. Australian Bureau of Rural Sciences, 111pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work. Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  
House, S (2003) Lower Hunter & Central Coast Regional Biodiversity Conservation Strategy, Technical Report, Digital Aerial Photo Interpretation & Updated Extant Vegetation Community Map. Lower Hunter & Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Callaghan, NSW.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Howell, J., McDougall, L. and Benson, D. (1995) Riverside Plants of the Hawkesbury-Nepean. Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Management Trust and Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney., 62 pgs.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
James, T. McDougall, L. and Benson, D.H. (1999) Rare Bushland Plants of Western Sydney, second edition. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
Keith, D.A. (2004) Ocean Shores to Desert Dunes - The native vegetation of NSW and the ACT. Dept. of Environment and Conservation (NSW), 353 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Published books. 
Keith, D.A. (1996) Fire-driven mechanisms of extinction in vascular plants: a review of empirical and theoretical evidence in Australian vegetation. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales., Vol. 116, pp. 37-78..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A. and Bedward, M. (1999) Vegetation of the South East Forests region, Eden, NSW (Eden CRA). Cunninghamia, Vol 6, pp 1-218.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A. and Scott, J. (2005) Native Vegetation of Coastal Floodplains. Pacific Conservation Biology, Vol 11, pp 81-104.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A., Simpson, C., Tozer, M.G. and Rodoreda, S. (2007) Contemporary and Histroical Descriptions of the Vegetation of Brundee and Saltwater Swamps on the Lower Shoalhaven River Floodplain, Southeastern Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of NSW, Vol. 128, pp 123-153.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Kelleway, J. (2004) Ecological impacts of recreational vehicle use on saltmarshes of the Georges River, Sydney. Wetlands (Australia), Vol 22 (2), pp. 52-66.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Kendall and Kendall Ecological Consultants (2003) Nambucca Catchment Vegetation Survey. Report prepared for Nambucca Vegetation Sub-committee, 155 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Kessler, M. (2006) Development of a non-destructive rapid assessment methodology for saltmarsh in urban areas, as tested in Sydney Harbour, NSW, Australia. Wetlands (Australia), Vol 24 (1), pp 1-43 (including Appendix).     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Kingsford, R.T., Brandis, K., Thomas, R.F., Crighton, P., Knowles, E. and Gale, E. (2004) Classifying landform at broad spatial scales: the distribution and conservation of wetlands in NSW, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol 55, pp. 17-31.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Laegdsgaard, P., Monamy, V. and Saintilan, N. (2004) Investigating the presence of threatened insectivorous bats on coastal NSW saltmarsh habitat. Wetlands (Australia), Vol. 22 (1), pp. 29-41.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Lovett, S. and Price, P. (eds) (2007) Principles for riparian lands management. Land and Water Australia, Canberra., 200 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Macdonald, T. (2003) Protection and management of saltmarsh in NSW - a NSW Fisheries perspective. In: Straw, P (ed). Status and Management of Migratory Shorebirds in Sydney. Sydney Olympic Park Authority, Homebush., pp. 20-26.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
McCauley, A., DeVries, R., Elith, J. and Gilmore, P. (2006) Vegetation of Regional Significance on the NSW Central Coast. Hunter Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority and Hunter Councils Inc. NSW., 308 pgs + appendices. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1990) Australian soil and land survey. Field handbook. Second edition. Inkata Press, Melbourne., pp. 9-57.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work. Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Published books. 
Miles, J. (2007) Recognition and Management of Endangered Ecological Communities in the South East Corner of NSW. Southern Rivers Catchment Management Authority, 60 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Mills, K. (2003) The natural vegetation in the municipality of Kiama, NSW. A report prepared by Kevin Mills and Associates for Kiama Municipal Council, 49 pgs.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Mitchell, M. and Adam, P. (1989) The relationship between saltmarsh and mangrove communities in the Sydney region. Wetlands (Australia), pp. 37-46.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Mitchell, M.L. and Adam, P. (1989) The decline of saltmarsh in Botany Bay. Wetlands (Australia), Vol. 8, pp. 55-60.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Morrisey, D. (1995) Saltmarshes. In: Coastal Marine Ecology of Temperate Australia. Ed. Underwood, A. J. and Chapman, M. G. (1995). UNSW Press, Sydney, pp. 205-220.     Published books. 
NCC (1999) Towards an Illawarra Regional Vegetation Management Plan. Nature Conservation Council of NSW, Sydney..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NPWS (2002) Native vegetation of the Illawarra Escarpment and Coastal Plain. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney, 242 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Paul, S. and Young, R. (2007) Experimental control of exotic Spiny Rush, Juncus acutus, from Sydney Olympic Park: I. Juncus mortality and regrowth. Wetlands (Australia), Vol 23 (2) pp. 1-12.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Robinson, L (2003) Field guide to native plants of Sydney revised 3rd edition. Kangaroo Press, 448 pgs.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   
Saintilan, N. (2003) Balancing shorebird habitat requirements with mangrove conservation. In: Straw, P. (ed). Status and Management of Migratory Shorebirds in Sydney. Sydney Olympic Park Authority, Homebush., pp. 15-19.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Saintilan, N. and Williams, R.J. (1999) Mangrove transgression into saltmarsh environments in south-east Australia. Global Ecology and Biogeography , Vol. 8, pp. 117-124.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Saintilan, N. and Williams, R.J. (2000) The decline of saltmarshes in southeast Australia: Results of recent survey. Wetlands (Australia), Vol 18, 49-54.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Saintilan, N. and Wilton, K. (2001) Changes in the distribution of mangroves and saltmarshes in Jervis Bay, Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, Vol 9 (5), pp. 409-420.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Sainty, G.R. and Jacobs, S.W.L. (1997) Hawkesbury-Nepean: Saltmarsh Assessment. Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Management Trust, 20 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1990) Hornsby Shire bushland survey. Report and maps prepared for Hornsby Shire Council. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Smith, P. and Smith, J. (2006) Native vegetation communities of Hornsby Shire. Report and maps prepared for Hornsby Shire Council. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland., 46 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Speight, J.G. (1990) Landform. In: 'Australian soil and land survey. Field handbook' Second edition (Eds. RC McDonald, RF Isbell, JG Speight, J, Walker, MS Hopkins). Inkata Press, Melbourne., pp 9-57.     Published books. 
Straw, P. (1999) Hunter River Estuary Wader Habitat Investigation. Unpublished Report to National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Straw, P. (2000) Hunter River Estuary Wader Habitat Investigation Stage 2. Unpublished Report to National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Telfor, D. and Kendall, P. (2006) Native Vegetation Mapping and Endangered Ecological Community Mapping, Kempsey LGA east. Report to Kempsey Shire Council, 40 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Thackway, R., Creswell, I.D. (eds) (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation of Australia: a framework for establishing the national system of reserves. Australian Nature Conservation Agency: Canberra..     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Thackway, R., Neldner, J. and Bolton, M. (2003) Chapter 7. Vegetation - Guidelines for Conducting Surveys. Australian Bureau of Rural Sciences, 35 pgs.     
Thomas, V., Gellie, N., & Harrison, T. (2000) Forest Ecosystem Classification and Mapping for the Southern Comprehensive Regional Assessment. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Queanbeyan.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Tindall, D., Pennay, C., Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., & Keith, D.A. (2004) DRAFT Native vegetation map report series No. 4. Araluen, Batemans Bay, Braidwood, Burragorang, Goulburn, Jervis Bay, Katoomba, Kiama, Moss Vale, Penrith, Port Hacking, Sydney, Taralga, Ulladulla, Wollongong (Priority 5 Mapping Area - P5MA). NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change and NSW Dept. of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., Simpson, C., Keith, D.A., Beukers, P., MacKenzie, B., Tindall, D. & Pennay, C. (2006) Native vegetation of south east NSW: a revised classification and map for the coast and eastern tablelands. V1.0. NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change and NSW Dept. of Infrastructure, Planning and Natrual Resources.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Troedson, A., Hashimoto, T.R., Jaworksa, J., Malloch, K., Cain, L. (2004) New South Wales Coastal Quaternary Geology. In: NSW Coastal Quaternary Geology Data Package (on CD-Rom), Troesdson, A., Hashimoto, T.R. (eds). NSW Dept. of Primary Industries, Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of NSW, Maitland., 108 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).    Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Underwood, A.J. and Chapman, M.G. (1995) Coastal Marine Ecology of Temperate Australia. UNSW Press, Sydney, 341 pgs.     Published books. 
West, R.J., Thorogood, C., Walford, T. and Williams, R.J. (1985) An estuarine inventory for NSW. NSW Dept. of Agriculture: Fisheries., 140 pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
WetlandCare Australia (2006) Sustainable Wetlands on NSW Coastal Landscapes. Northern Rivers, Catchment Management Authority region. WetlandCare Australia, Ballina, NSW., CD-rom. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). 
WetlandCare Australia (2006) Sustainable Wetlands on NSW Coastal Landscapes. Hunter Central Rivers, Catchment Management Authority region. WetlandCare Australia, Ballina, NSW., CD-rom. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). 
Williams, R.J. and Meehan, A.J. (2004) Focusing management needs at the sub-catchment level via assessments of change in the cover of estuarine vegetation, Port Hacking, NSW, Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, Vol 12 (5), pp. 499-518 .Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Williams, R.J. and Watford, F.A. (1996) An inventory of impediments to tidal flow in NSW estuarine fish habitats. Wetlands (Australia), Vol. 15, pp. 44-54.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Winning, Geoffrey Bruce (2006) Vegetation changes in a large estuarine wetland subsequent to construction of floodgates: Hexham Swamp in the Lower Hunter Valley, New South Wales. Thesis (Masters). Australian Catholic University., 138 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     
Zedler J.B., Nelson P. and Adam P. (1995) Plant community organization in New South Wales saltmarshes: Species mosaics and potential causes. Wetlands (Australia), Vol 14, pp. 1-18.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
  

Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast
 Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast
Image: Shane Ruming
© Shane Ruming

Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast
 Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast
Image: Shane Ruming
© Shane Ruming

Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions
 Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions
Image: Michael Murphy
© Michael Murphy

Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions
 Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions
Image: Michael Murphy
© Michael Murphy

Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions
 Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions
Image: Michael Murphy
© Michael Murphy

Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions
 Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions
Image: Michael Murphy
© Michael Murphy
  
 
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