DEC | NSW threatened species - Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains
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Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains

Species profile
Regional information:
  -  Hunter/Central Rivers
  -  Northern Rivers
  -  Southern Rivers
  -  Sydney Metro
 
Related information

I.D. Guidelines for Freshwater Wetlands on Coastal Floodplains (A3) (PDF - 4MB)
 
I.D. Guidelines for Freshwater Wetlands on Coastal Floodplains (high resolution) (PDF - 4MB)
 
I.D. Guidelines for Freshwater Wetlands on Coastal Floodplains (low resolution) (PDF - 450KB)
 
Threatened Species and Endangered Ecological Communities of the Eurobodalla
 

 
  

Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains - profile

Scientific name: Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions 
 Conservation status in NSW: Endangered Ecological Community

Description

Associated with coastal areas subject to periodic flooding and in which standing fresh water persists for at least part of the year in most years. Typically occurs on silts, muds or humic loams in low-lying parts of floodplains, alluvial flats, depressions, drainage lines, backswamps, lagoons and lakes but may also occur in backbarrier landforms where floodplains adjoin coastal sandplains. Generally occur below 20 m elevation on level areas. They are dominated by herbaceous plants and have very few woody species. The structure and composition of the community varies both spatially and temporally depending on the water regime: Those that lack standing water most of the time are usually dominated by dense grassland or sedgeland vegetation, often forming a turf less than 0.5 metre tall and dominated by amphibious plants including Paspalum distichum (water couch), Leersia hexandra (swamp rice-grass), Pseudoraphis spinescens (mud grass) and Carex appressa (tussock sedge). Where they are subject to regular inundation and drying the vegetation may include large emergent sedges over 1 metre tall, such as Baumea articulata, Eleocharis equisetina and Lepironia articulata, as well as emergent or floating herbs such as Hydrocharis dubia (frogbit), Philydrum lanuginosum (frogsmouth), Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis (water primrose), Marsilea mutica (nardoo) and Myriophyllum spp. (milfoils). As standing water becomes deeper or more permanent, amphibious and emergent plants become less abundant, while floating and submerged aquatic herbs become more abundant. These latter species include Azolla filiculoides var. rubra, Ceratophyllum demersum (hornwort), Hydrilla verticillata (water thyme), Lemna spp. (duckweeds), Nymphaea gigantea (giant waterlily), Nymphoides indica (water snowflake), Ottelia ovalifolia (swamp lily) and Potamageton spp. (pondweeds). The threatened aquatic plants, Aldrovanda vesiculosa and Najas marina, also occur within this community. For a comprehensive list of species that characterize the community open the Scientific Determination link in the top right box.

Location and habitat

Distribution
 Known from along the majority of the NSW coast. However, it is distinct from Sydney Freshwater Wetlands which are associated with sandplains in the Sydney Basin bioregion. Extensively cleared and modified. In the 1990s the extent remaining were: 3% in the NSW North Coast bioregion, 66% in the lower Hunter – Central coast region, 40% on the Cumberland Plain, 70% in the Sydney – South Coast region, and 30% in the Eden region. There is less than 150 ha remaining on the Tweed lowlands (estimate in 1985); about 10,600 ha on the lower Clarence floodplain (in 1982); about 11,200 ha on the lower Macleay floodplain (in 1983); about 3,500 ha in the lower Hunter – Central Hunter region (in 1990s); less than 2,700 ha on the NSW south coast from Sydney to Moruya (in the mid 1990s), including about 660 ha on the Cumberland Plain (in 1998) and about 100 ha on the Illawarra Plain (in 2001); and less than 1000 ha in the Eden region (in 1990). Poorly reserved, known to occur in Ukerebagh, Tuckean, Tabbimoble Swamp, Hexham Swamp, Pambalong and Pitt Town Nature Reserves and Bungawalbin, Scheyville and Seven Mile Beach National Parks.

Regional information
This species is found in the following catchment management authority regions. Click on a region name to see more details about the distribution, vegetation types and habitat preference of the species in that region.

Threats

  • Land clearing
  • Continuing fragmentation and degradation
  • Flood mitigation and drainage works
  • Filling associated with urban and industrial development
  • Pollution and eutrophication from urban and agricultural runoff
  • Weed invasion
  • Overgrazing, trampling by livestock
  • Soil disturbance by pigs
  • Activation of acid sulfate soils
  • Dumping of landfill, rubbish and garden refuse
  • Native fauna is threatened by predation, particularly by mosquito fish and cane toads
  • Anthropogenic climate change

Recovery strategies

Priority actions are the specific, practical things that must be done to recover a threatened species, population or ecological community. The Department of Environment and Conservation has identified 13 priority actions to help recover the Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains in New South Wales.

What needs to be done to recover this species?

  • Instigate enforcement and education campaigns to reduce dumping.
  • Instigate pig control programs.
  • Install stormwater control mechanisms to prevent off-site impacts from adjacent development.
  • Control access of cattle to wetlands by installing fencing.
  • Undertake weed control as required using removal methods that will not damage the community.
  • Protect and actively manage wetlands through conservation mechanisms such as covenanting and the preparation/implementation of site-specific vegetation management plans.
  • Restore natural drainage conditions.

Detailed References

Below is a list of references relating to this ecological community. You can filter the list by the features or publication type you require.

FeaturesPublication Type

Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.

Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.

Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.

Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).

Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC).

Published books.

Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library.

Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’).

Articles on the internet (or web-based contact details of the organisation that may provide you with a copy).

 
Reference DetailsFeatures
Adam, P. (1992) Wetlands and Wetland Boundaries; Problems, expectations, perceptions and reality. Wetlands (Australia), Vol , pp. 60-67.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Adam, P. and Stricker, J. (1993) Wetlands of the Sydney Region. Nature Conservation Council, 42 pgs + App..     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Bell, S.A.J. (2002) The natural vegetation of the Wyong Local Government Area, Central Coast, New South Wales: Technical Report. Unpublished Final Report to Wyong Shire Council, Eastcoast Flora Survey, 197 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Bell, S.A.J. (2004) The natural vegetation of the Gosford Local Government Area, Central Coast, New South Wales: Technical Report. Unpublished Final Report to Gosford City Council, Eastcoast Flora Survey, 131 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Bellingen Shire Council (2006) Coastal Vegetation of the Bellingen Local Government Area. A report by Flametree Ecological Consultants for Bellingen Shire Council. Bellingen Shire Council, 88 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Benson, D.H. (1986) The native vegetation of the Gosford – Lake Macquarie 1:100 000 Mapsheets. Cunninghamia, Vol. 1, pp. 467-490..   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (1990) Taken for Granted: The Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs. Kangaroo Press, Sydney., 160 pgs + illus bibliog index.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Published books. 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (2000) Sydney’s Bushland — More than Meets the Eye. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney..     Published books. 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (1993) A strategy for the rehabilitation of the riparian vegetation of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (1994) Natural vegetation of the Sydney 1:100000 Mapsheet. Cunninghamia, Vol. 3 (4), pp. 679-789.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Beukers, P. and Miles, J. (In prep) Revision of vegetation mapping for the NSW Far South Coast. DECC Merimbula. NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change (Parks and Wildlife Group), Merimbula. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Boulton, A.J. and Brock, M.A. (1999) Australian freshwater wetlands: processes and management. Gleneagles Publishing, Glen Osmond, 300 pgs + illus, tables, bibliog, glossary and index .Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Published books. 
Brooker, M. and Kleinig, D. (1990) Field Guide to Eucalypts of South-eastern NSW. Vol 1 and 2. Inkata Press, Melbourne..  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
Chafer, C. (1997) Biodiversity in the Illawarra Catchments: an inventory. Illawarra Catchment Management Committee, 124 pgs + app.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
DEC (2004) North East NSW Field Key to Forest Ecosystems. Natural Resource Management Field Assessment Guidelines. DEC, NE Branch Coffs Harbour..   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
ESC (2007) Endangered Ecological Communities Survey and Mapping in Eurobodalla Shire. A report prepared by NGH Environmental for Eurobodalla Shire Council, 40 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Fisher, M., Body, M. and Gill, J. (1996) Vegetation Idenification and Classification of the Coffs Harbour City Council LGA. North East Vegetation Surveys, 75 pgs.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Gellie, N. (2005) Native Vegetation of the Southern Forests: South-east Highlands, Australian Alps, South-west Slopes, and SE Corner bioregions. Cunninghamia, Vol 9 (2) pp. 219-253.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Gilmore, P. (2006) Vegetation Communities of the Central Coast Region of NSW. In: McCauley, A. etal (2006) Vegetation of Regional Significance on the NSW Central Coast. HCR CMA and Hunter Councils Inc. NSW., 240 pgs.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Griffith, S. (2005) NSW North Coast Wetland Vegetation Communities. A preliminary literature review. NSW Dept. of Environment and Conservation., 82 pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Griffith, S.J., Bale C, Adam, P., and Wilson, R. (2003) Wallum and related vegetation on the NSW North Coast: description and phytosociological analysis. Cunninghamia, Vol. 8, pp. 202-252..   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Harden, G. (ed) (1999-2002) Flora of NSW. NSW University Press, Vol. 1-4.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
Harty, C. (2001) A planning methodology for protecting saltmarsh, mangrove and seagrass wetlands in NSW and Victoria. Wetlands (Australia), Vol 19 (2), pp. 103-109.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Hnatuik, R.J., Thackway, R. and Walker, J. (2003) Vegetation - Guidelines for site-based survey. Australian Bureau of Rural Sciences, 111pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work. Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  
House, S (2003) Lower Hunter & Central Coast Regional Biodiversity Conservation Strategy, Technical Report, Digital Aerial Photo Interpretation & Updated Extant Vegetation Community Map. Lower Hunter & Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Callaghan, NSW.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Howell, J. and Benson, D. (2005) Seasonal and year-to-year changes in vegetation of freshwater wetlands on the Hawkesbury-Nepean Floodplains. Wetlands (Australia), Vol 23(1), pp 20-36.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Howell, J., McDougall, L. and Benson, D. (1995) Riverside Plants of the Hawkesbury-Nepean. Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Management Trust and Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney., 62 pgs.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
James, T. McDougall, L. and Benson, D.H. (1999) Rare Bushland Plants of Western Sydney, second edition. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
Keith, D.A. (2004) Ocean Shores to Desert Dunes - The native vegetation of NSW and the ACT. Dept. of Environment and Conservation (NSW), 353 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Published books. 
Keith, D.A. (1996) Fire-driven mechanisms of extinction in vascular plants: a review of empirical and theoretical evidence in Australian vegetation. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales., Vol. 116, pp. 37-78..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A. and Bedward, M. (1999) Vegetation of the South East Forests region, Eden, NSW (Eden CRA). Cunninghamia, Vol 6, pp 1-218.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A. and Scott, J. (2005) Native Vegetation of Coastal Floodplains. Pacific Conservation Biology, Vol 11, pp 81-104.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Kendall and Kendall Ecological Consultants (2003) Nambucca Catchment Vegetation Survey. Report prepared for Nambucca Vegetation Sub-committee, 155 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Kingsford, R.T., Brandis, K., Thomas, R.F., Crighton, P., Knowles, E. and Gale, E. (2004) Classifying landform at broad spatial scales: the distribution and conservation of wetlands in NSW, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol 55, pp. 17-31.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Lovett, S. and Price, P. (eds) (2007) Principles for riparian lands management. Land and Water Australia, Canberra., 200 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
McCauley, A., DeVries, R., Elith, J. and Gilmore, P. (2006) Vegetation of Regional Significance on the NSW Central Coast. Hunter Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority and Hunter Councils Inc. NSW., 308 pgs + appendices. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1990) Australian soil and land survey. Field handbook. Second edition. Inkata Press, Melbourne., pp. 9-57.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work. Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Published books. 
McRae, R.H.D. & Cooper, M.G. (1985) Vegetation of the Merriwa area, New South Wales. Cunninghamia, Vol. 1, pp. 351-369.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Miles, J. (2007) Recognition and Management of Endangered Ecological Communities in the South East Corner of NSW. Southern Rivers Catchment Management Authority, 60 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Mills, K. (2003) The natural vegetation in the municipality of Kiama, NSW. A report prepared by Kevin Mills and Associates for Kiama Municipal Council, 49 pgs.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NCC (1999) Towards an Illawarra Regional Vegetation Management Plan. Nature Conservation Council of NSW, Sydney..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NPWS (2002) Native vegetation of the Illawarra Escarpment and Coastal Plain. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney, 242 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NPWS (1999) Forest Ecosystem Classification and mapping for upper and lower north east CRA regions. CRA Unit, Northern Zone, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Coffs Harbour., 36 pgs + appendices. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NPWS (2000) Forest ecosystem classification and mapping for the Hunter Sub-Region in the Lower North East Comprehensive Regional Assessment. CRA Unit, Sydney Zone, National Parks and Wildlife Service.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Pressey, R.L. (1981) A review of Literature on the Floodplain Welands of Coastal NSW. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Pressey, R.L. (1987) A Survey of Wetlands on the Lower Clarence Floodplain, NSW. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney, 43 pgs.    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Pressey, R.L. (1987) A Survey of Wetlands on the Lower Hunter Floodplain, NSW. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney, 52 pgs.    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Pressey, R.L. (1987) A Survey of Wetlands on the Lower Macleay Floodplain, NSW. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney, 52 pgs.    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Pressey, R.L. and Griffith, S.J. (1987) Coastal wetlands and associated communities in Tweed Shire, Northern NSW. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney, 22 pgs + maps and appendices.    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Pressey, R.L. and Griffith, S.J. (1992) Vegetation of the coastal lowlands of Tweed shire, northern New South Wales, species and conservation. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of NSW , Vol. 113, pp. 203-243..     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Robinson, L (2003) Field guide to native plants of Sydney revised 3rd edition. Kangaroo Press, 448 pgs.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   
Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1990) Hornsby Shire bushland survey. Report and maps prepared for Hornsby Shire Council. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Smith, P. and Smith, J. (2006) Native vegetation communities of Hornsby Shire. Report and maps prepared for Hornsby Shire Council. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland., 46 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Speight, J.G. (1990) Landform. In: 'Australian soil and land survey. Field handbook' Second edition (Eds. RC McDonald, RF Isbell, JG Speight, J, Walker, MS Hopkins). Inkata Press, Melbourne., pp 9-57.     Published books. 
Straw, P. (1999) Hunter River Estuary Wader Habitat Investigation. Unpublished Report to National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Straw, P. (2000) Hunter River Estuary Wader Habitat Investigation Stage 2. Unpublished Report to National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Telfor, D. and Kendall, P. (2006) Native Vegetation Mapping and Endangered Ecological Community Mapping, Kempsey LGA east. Report to Kempsey Shire Council, 40 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Thackway, R., Creswell, I.D. (eds) (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation of Australia: a framework for establishing the national system of reserves. Australian Nature Conservation Agency: Canberra..     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Thackway, R., Neldner, J. and Bolton, M. (2003) Chapter 7. Vegetation - Guidelines for Conducting Surveys. Australian Bureau of Rural Sciences, 35 pgs.     
Thomas, V., Gellie, N., & Harrison, T. (2000) Forest Ecosystem Classification and Mapping for the Southern Comprehensive Regional Assessment. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Queanbeyan.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Tindall, D., Pennay, C., Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., & Keith, D.A. (2004) DRAFT Native vegetation map report series No. 4. Araluen, Batemans Bay, Braidwood, Burragorang, Goulburn, Jervis Bay, Katoomba, Kiama, Moss Vale, Penrith, Port Hacking, Sydney, Taralga, Ulladulla, Wollongong (Priority 5 Mapping Area - P5MA). NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change and NSW Dept. of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Tozer, M.G. (2003) The native vegetation of the Cumberland Plain, Western Sydney: systematic classification and field identification of communities. Cunninghamia, Vol 8 (1), pp. 1-75. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., Simpson, C., Keith, D.A., Beukers, P., MacKenzie, B., Tindall, D. & Pennay, C. (2006) Native vegetation of south east NSW: a revised classification and map for the coast and eastern tablelands. V1.0. NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change and NSW Dept. of Infrastructure, Planning and Natrual Resources.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Troedson, A., Hashimoto, T.R., Jaworksa, J., Malloch, K., Cain, L. (2004) New South Wales Coastal Quaternary Geology. In: NSW Coastal Quaternary Geology Data Package (on CD-Rom), Troesdson, A., Hashimoto, T.R. (eds). NSW Dept. of Primary Industries, Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of NSW, Maitland., 108 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).    Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
WetlandCare Australia (2006) Sustainable Wetlands on NSW Coastal Landscapes. Northern Rivers, Catchment Management Authority region. WetlandCare Australia, Ballina, NSW., CD-rom. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). 
WetlandCare Australia (2006) Sustainable Wetlands on NSW Coastal Landscapes. Hunter Central Rivers, Catchment Management Authority region. WetlandCare Australia, Ballina, NSW., CD-rom. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). 
Williams, R.J. and Watford, F.A. (1996) An inventory of impediments to tidal flow in NSW estuarine fish habitats. Wetlands (Australia), Vol. 15, pp. 44-54.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Winning, Geoffrey Bruce (2006) Vegetation changes in a large estuarine wetland subsequent to construction of floodgates: Hexham Swamp in the Lower Hunter Valley, New South Wales. Thesis (Masters). Australian Catholic University., 138 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     
  

Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains
 Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains
Image: Michael Murphy
© Michael Murphy
  
 
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